Introduction Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a colourless gas renowned for its characteristic “rotten egg” odour, yet its deceptively mild smell belies the serious risk it poses. Within refinery environments, H₂S can be present in crude oil, natural gas streams, and by-products of various chemical processes. Even at relatively low concentrations, prolonged exposure can cause irritation...

What is CO₂? When we think of carbon dioxide, or CO₂ as scientists often call it, many of us immediately imagine it as the invisible gas we exhale when we breathe. Yet, CO₂ is all around us, and while it is a natural part of our atmosphere, it can pose serious risks in certain environments....

Introduction Car parks, particularly those that are enclosed or underground, can accumulate vehicle exhaust emissions. Unlike open-air environments, these spaces often rely on mechanical ventilation to disperse pollutants. When ventilation is inadequate or absent, harmful gases can accumulate to levels that pose a serious risk to human health. Among the various pollutants present, three gases...

IMO Updates Enclosed Space Entry Safety on Ships The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has issued Resolution MSC.581(110), introducing Revised Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces Aboard Ships. These new requirements formally replace Resolution A.1050(27) and come into effect on 3 December 2025. The updated guidance aims to reduce the continued loss of life associated with enclosed...