Introduction
Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a versatile chemical that is widely used for sterilising medical equipment, manufacturing antifreeze, and producing other chemicals. However, prolonged exposure to this colourless, flammable gas in the workplace has raised significant health concerns, particularly its potential to cause cancer. In this blog, we will therefore explore whether ethylene oxide can cause cancer in a workplace setting, as well as how exposure happens and practical safety measures to mitigate risks.
What is Ethylene Oxide?
Ethylene oxide is a highly reactive compound that plays a crucial role in various industries. Most notably, it is recognised for its use as a sterilising agent for medical devices and laboratory equipment. However, despite its effectiveness, the safety risks associated with EtO cannot be overlooked.
Common Uses of Ethylene Oxide in the Workplace
- Sterilisation of medical equipment
- Production of ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
- Manufacturing of detergents and plastics
- As a fumigant in certain agricultural processes
How Can Workplace Exposure to Ethylene Oxide Occur?
Employees can be exposed to ethylene oxide through inhalation, particularly in poorly ventilated areas. Such exposure commonly occurs in the following scenarios:
- During Sterilisation Processes: When opening sterilisation chambers or handling sterilised equipment.
- In Manufacturing Settings: While producing ethylene glycol, solvents, or antifreeze.
- During Maintenance and Handling: When cleaning or repairing EtO equipment.
Who is Most at Risk?
- Medical and laboratory personnel: Those who work with ethylene oxide during sterilisation processes.
- Chemical manufacturing workers: Employees involved in the production of ethylene glycol, solvents, or antifreeze.
- Maintenance and cleaning staff: Workers responsible for the upkeep and repair of EtO equipment
Can Ethylene Oxide Cause Cancer?
The short answer is yes—ethylene oxide has been shown to pose a significant cancer risk. In fact, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies ethylene oxide as a Group 1 carcinogen, which means that there is sufficient evidence to confirm its carcinogenicity in humans. This classification highlights the importance of strict safety measures and exposure control in workplaces where ethylene oxide is used.
Types of Cancer Linked to Ethylene Oxide
- Leukaemia: A blood cancer that has been strongly associated with ethylene oxide exposure.
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A type of cancer affecting the lymphatic system, also linked to prolonged exposure to EtO.
- Breast cancer: Especially in women who have been exposed to ethylene oxide over extended periods.
Workplace Safety: How to Protect Employees
Implementing strict safety protocols is essential to significantly reducing the risk of ethylene oxide exposure in the workplace. These measures can be categorised as follows:
Engineering Controls
- Proper ventilation systems
- Closed systems for sterilisation processes
- Regular monitoring of EtO levels in the air
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- Respirators approved for ethylene oxide
- Protective gloves and eyewear
- Proper clothing to prevent skin exposure
Administrative Controls
- Limiting exposure time
- Employee training and awareness programs
- Safe handling and storage procedures
Regular Health Monitoring
- Periodic medical check-ups
- Monitoring for early signs of exposure-related health issues
Conclusion
Ethylene oxide poses a real and serious cancer risk in the workplace. Therefore, employers must prioritise safety by implementing robust engineering controls, providing adequate PPE, and adhering to regulatory guidelines. By taking these proactive steps, businesses can create a safer work environment and protect their most valuable asset—their employees.
If you would like to learn more about workplace safety or need assistance with implementing safety protocols, feel free to contact us.
Detecting Ethylene Oxide
Using an electrochemical sensor, you can detect ethylene oxide with the MSA Ultra X5000.
The MSA ULTIMA X5000 Fixed Gas Detector represents the future of gas detection for oxygen and toxic gases. Equipped with MSA XCell® gas sensors featuring TruCal® technology, it offers calibration cycles of up to 24 months. Additionally, its advanced, multi-lingual OLED display is easy to read, while the unique touch-screen interface ensures simple navigation.
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